4.0/Disclaimer of warranties and related issues

Disclaimer of warranties and related issues

Treatment in 4.0d1: The language has been simplified but is intended to operate and have the same scope as its counterpart in 3.0. We are mindful that a complete disclaimer and limitation of liability may not be allowed depending on local law, and accordingly have prefaced the provision with the qualifier found suitable by several jurisdictions for 3.0 ports, “To the greatest extent permissible,...” We expect that for some, this provision may be inadequate. We want to hear ideas on both improving this provision, and the proposal for allowing additional terms to the license to allow for more specialized language to be included by licensors.

Treatment in 4.0d2: No change in Section 4 language itself. However, we have added a new Section 6(b) that permits licensors to disclaim or offer warranties or to limit liabilities differently from Section 4. This is intended to ensure licensors can tailor those provisions in the manner most suitable based on differing consumer protection laws that may apply to them and have those changes be deemed part of the license itself.

Post 4.0d2 update: During the post-d2 discussion period, several affiliates and community members proposed changing the language to require documentation of third-party rights. Discussion around the issue was then opened up on the list, including discussion of the very different treatment in 1.0.

Considerations

There are several important factors to be considered in connection with any proposal to change the current treatment. Generally, proposals fall into two categories: those that would require licensors to provide a warranty as in version 1.0, and those that would require licensor documentation of other rights in some manner.

Reasons for the proposal

There are several considerations in favor of changing this effect to place more of the burden on the licensor, either through requiring warranties or through a marking requirement.

• The CC licenses are supposed to enable sharing of works without requiring that licensees go through a difficult rights-clearing process. If the license alone doesn't give the licensee all of the rights necessary to use the work as they intend, and the licensee may not even have knowledge of those other rights, the license's effect on creating a body of free works and enabling reuse is minimized.

• The licensor has the best information about what rights may be involved in a work, and is in the best place to clear those rights or let others know about them, where the licensee will have a much more difficult time doing so. Additionally, documenting sources and copyright status of works used is already a standard procedure for many licensors.

• The current language puts the entire burden of clearing rights on the licensee without putting any obligation on the licensor, which does not give licensors incentive to take care with licensing works, or with correctly marking unlicensed works or portions of works.

• Several jurisdictions, particularly courts in Europe, are already likely to interpret the license as a contract and place the burdens on the licensor regardless of the license text.

Factors weighing against warranties or similar licensor undertakings

In addition to those set out in the following section:

• Some licensors are unable to make any affirmative statements about having cleared third-party rights, sometimes as a matter of institutional policy. These licensors are often acting in good faith, using best efforts to clear rights appropriately notwithstanding the current disclaimers. Upgrading to the 4.0 licenses will not be an option for those licensors.

• Partial solutions already exist and could be leveraged where affirmative statements are important to licensees. Many third-party platforms that enable CC licensing already require uploaders to affirmatively agree that they have cleared all necessary rights in their licensed content. (While there are many licensors who are ignorant of this requirement or mistakenly believe they have all rights, it is also likely that including an affirmative warranty or undertaking in the licenses would be similarly missed.)

• Warranties provide only partial benefit and protection to licensees, as they do not address the underlying problem. If a licensor applies a license without having cleared all other rights, a licensee may still be required to cease distribution or pay damages when rightsholders enforce. While warranties may shift liability to the licensor, they cannot give the licensees guaranteed recourse from a licensor who has limited assets or is difficult to find.

• In some jurisdictions, warranties cannot be disclaimed as fully as the license attempts, and implied warranties are read into licenses, all by operation of local law. This raises the question of the need for warranties, at least in those jurisdictions.

• Disclaiming liabilities is the standard for open content licenses (although a few open software licenses include warranties). Reversing course to include warranties breaks with that.

• CC prefers the licenses operate as licenses to the greatest extent possible, wherever possible. Having licensors undertake affirmative obligations could work against this interpretation in jurisdictions where the license is construed as a license and not a contract.

Factors weighing in favor of warranties or similar licensor undertakings

[Please add]

Factors weighing against marking and warranty undertakings

• These requirements would not relieve the underlying problem in some if not many cases given the complex web of copyright and other laws that may apply. Many licensors -- even sophisticated licensors -- are not aware of all possible rights that may exist in a work. By way of illustration, a licensor could apply a CC license to a work she authored but the applicable law considers it a "joint work" requiring agreement of all authors before licensing; or, a licensor might share a photograph with blurry (but upon close examination, identifiable) persons in the background under a CC license that permits commercial reuse and the photograph is reused in a manner than violates those persons' privacy or publicity rights.

• Warranty and marking requirements are simply not an option for some licensors wanting to share and comply in good faith. Transaction costs associated with clearing and documenting all possible rights is a nearly impossible task for well funded organizations let alone an individual licensor wanting to share. The problem is particularly acute when the work is multi-faceted with many possible layers of rights, such as a musical work or performance, or a film production.

• The existing treatment seems to work well in practice. The current (and 4.0) attribution and marking requirements 4.0 make contact with licensors easy for those seeking formal assurances or warranties.

Factors weighing in favor of marking and warranty undertakings

[Please add]

Opportunities outside the licenses

There are several things that CC could undertake outside of the licenses to further encourage licensors to clear rights and document known third party rights or other limits on the licenses that could actually improve the underlying situation in a way that no shift of responsibility in the licenses can.

• Facilitate offers of warranties by licensors who can and want to provide them, and possibly highlight those who do so on the Deed. The current draft of 4.0 anticipates such offers.

• Include options in the Chooser for identification of known or potential third-party rights. This could take several different forms, including optional additional fields.

• Make information about the possible existence of other rights more prominent on the Deed. The Deed currently is silent in this regard. There is also an open proposal to combine the Deed or replicate the Deed on the same page as the Legal Code, facilitating still more easy access to the Legal Code where details of limitations are made clear.

• Create additional tools (such as options for additional metadata and/or symbols on the deed) to facilitate marking. It may be desirable for CC to design some visual indication a licensor may use when a work may be subject to additional rights and create additional tools for licensors and platforms who wish to use this marking.

• Additional FAQs and best practice guidelines from CC. Licensors are already admonished to be careful before applying CC licenses, in the FAQs, at the top of the new Chooser and (on a dedicated page linked to from the FAQs Before Licensing#Make_sure_you_have_the_rights). CC and its affiliates could create still more detailed guides, highlight those more prominently on the Chooser and elsewhere, and engage in outreach to licensors promoting best practices and how-to documents on how to identify and clear rights, and mark their works in a more informative manner for licensees.