Difference between revisions of "CC0 Development Process"

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= Status =
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CC0 is at 1.0 and ready for adoption.  View the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/zero/1.0/legalcode legal code] and [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/zero/1.0/ deed], or [http://creativecommons.org/license/zero Choose CC0].  You may also be interested in our [http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC0_FAQ CC0 FAQs].
 +
 
 +
= Development and Public Comment Process =
 +
 
 +
Creative Commons published three beta versions of CC0 for public comment during 2008.  You can track CC0's development, including an overview of the feedback we received and main revisions to the legal code, through our blog postings here: 
 +
[http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7978 Beta Draft 1] [http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8211 Beta Draft 2] [http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/9071 Beta Draft 3].  This page captures some of the main issues discussed during the public comment process and how those were resolved in version 1.0 of CC0.
 +
 +
== Scope of Rights Surrendered ==
 +
Several commentators sought clarification on the scope of the rights surrendered:  does it just surrender copyright-specific rights, or is it broader and include rights such as patents[http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006285.html], trademarks, unfair competition, privacy rights, publicity rights, commercial rights, and/or database rights.
 +
 
 +
We started to clarify these issues in Beta 2, although patent rights were only addressed in the context of facts and ideas and trademark rights were not addressed at all.  In its final adoptable form, CC0 now expressly states that neither trademark nor patent rights held by the affirmer are affected by CC0.
 +
 
 +
It was also suggested during the public comment period that we make clear that the surrender of rights does not affect third party rights related to the content, such as publicity and privacy rights.  While this is always the case (none of our legal tools purport to affect third party rights), we decided to include such a statement in the text of CC0 itself, as well as on the deed.
 +
 
 +
== Restrictions and Limitations on Waiving Moral Rights and Related Challenges ==
 +
Several CCi project leads and community members correctly pointed out the difficulties associated with waiving moral rights, particularly in European jurisdictions.  A sampling of those comments can be found here:
 +
* German Moral rights are unalienable [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006352.html]
 +
* Under Australian law, you can consent to specific instances of infringement of your moral rights, but you cannot waive them. s195AW(1) of the Copyright Act 1968 states that it is not an infringement of moral rights if the infringement is within the scope of '''written consent''' given by the author. [http://ccelliott.blogspot.com/2008/01/more-on-cc0.html Comment from  Elliott Bledsoe]
 +
* Norway - moral rights issue [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006348.html comment from Gisle](law cite needed)
 +
* UK may require a signature for waiving moral right 87 (2)" Any of those rights may be waived by instrument in writing signed by the person giving up the right." Suggesting that 87(4) may provide some wiggle room but unsure how well it would work with regards to moral rights. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006350.html]
 +
* Comment suggesting that moral rights and the conversation from CC v3.01 is relevant [http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Version_3.01#what_is_CC.27s_moral_rights_policy.3F]
 +
* A suggestion that the only possible solution under monistic systems with strong moral rights would probably be an assertion to never claim and enforce any unwaivable right in the work, although further suggesting that courts won't be readily willing to uphold such an auxilliary construction designed to circumvene non-dispositive law. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006351.html cc-license list John Hendrik Weitzmann]
 +
Following extensive consultation with our CCi jurisdiction leads, we concluded on a multi-tier approach to this and other similar issues.  First,  CC0 includes a Statement of Purpose in the legal code that serves in part to impress upon those using CC0 the full scope of the rights they are surrendering and the possible uses to which their works could be put, including commercial uses.  Knowledge of the rights being surrendered is one important element in effecting a waiver of moral rights.  Second, CC0 incorporates a fall-back public license in the event the waiver is not enforceable for any reason, since in at least some jurisdictions moral rights can be licensed even if they cannot be waived.  Finally, even were the fall-back license to fail, then under CC0 the affirmer expressly agrees not to exercise his or her rights or assert claims against others contrary to the express Statement of Purpose.
  
−
Feedback and summaries of the [[CC0]] community feedback process will be posted here.  This is not a complete list of all feedback, just a summary.  We have provided links to specific comments whenever possible.  If we missed your comment or concern you are invited to add to this discussion.  Comments can be made on this page, the [http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Talk:CC0_Feedback discussion page] or on related lists noted below.
+
= A Community Effort =
  
 +
Building CC0 over the course of a year required the efforts and dedication of many.  Our CCi leads and the broader CC community provided invaluable advice on how to craft a robust, public domain tool intended for universal use.  Our pro bono legal counsel at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati and Latham & Watkins also deserve special mention.  Their legal review and analysis provided the heightened level of rigor that users of our licenses and legal tools have come to expect from Creative Commons.
  
  
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= Status =
+
== Other Public Domain Dedication Resources and References ==
−
CC0 is in [http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8211 Beta Draft 2], and we are actively soliciting public comment on the latest draft. More general information and resources on CC0 can be found [http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC0 here]. This will also be a topic of discussion at [http://icommonssummit.org/  the iSummit legal day]  At that time, we plan to engage collaboratively with our CCi project leads and others from the broader CC community in an effort to address to the extent possible the feedback collected as of that date. To make that collaboration as meaningful as possible, we ask that further feedback be submitted by July 25th in advance of the iSummit.
+
CC is not the first to create a public domain waiver or license.  Below is a list of some of those tools as well as the projects that use them.  If you are involved with these projects and want to discuss migrating to CC0, contact Creative Commons at info@creativecommons.org.
 +
 
 +
===Community:LibriVox (audio recordings of PD books)===
 +
 
 +
Name of tool used: CC public domain dedication with additional warning
 +
 
 +
Text:
 +
LibriVox recordings are in the public domain, which means people can do anything they like with them. Mostly this just means people can listen to them for free. But it also means they can: sell them (for instance on ebay), broadcast them, put them in commercials, play them at political rallies, chop them up, remix them, make music recordings of them. The recordings are free, and there is no need to credit LibriVox, although of course we much prefer if you do credit us (with a link to our site).
 +
 
 +
Here are some other examples of what people might do (and would have the right to do) with our recordings (and, if your record for us, your recordings):
 +
 
 +
* make CDs of Romance of Rubber sold as a fundraiser for a charity you don’t like;
 +
* put Origin of the Species as background atmosphere for a pornographic film;
 +
* sample Fables for the Frivolous in a violent rap song;
 +
* use the summary of Frankenstein to promote a major motion picture;
 +
 
 +
Although these examples are far-fetched, they are all acceptable uses of public domain materials. So be aware of what you are doing when you free your recordings and text into the public domain. You really have to let go!
 +
 
 +
URL: [http://librivox.org/public-domain/ full text of disclaimer and PD policies]
 +
 
 +
===Community:Open Clipart===
 +
 
 +
CC-PD for all art work.
 +
 
 +
Name of tool: CC-PD dedication
 +
 
 +
Notes: the website has a footer that claims work is in the public domain and a few mentions of public domain in the FAQ.
 +
 
 +
Text: The clip art on this website and part of this project are released into the public domain.
 +
 
 +
URL:[http://www.openclipart.org/ basic license embedded in page footer]
 +
 
 +
===Community: Educational===
 +
 
 +
Name of tool: Educational PD dedication draft
 +
 
 +
Notes: This tool has been abandoned
 +
 
 +
Text:
 +
Open Education License Draft
 +
Draft 0.9, August 8, 2007. This is a draft document and is not yet intended for use.
 +
 
 +
Disclaimer
 +
 
 +
The OpenContent Foundation is not a law firm and does not provide legal services. Distribution of this license does not create an attorney-client relationship. The OpenContent Foundation provides this information on an “as-is” basis. The OpenContent Foundation makes no warranties regarding the information provided, and disclaims liability for damages resulting from its use.
 +
License
 +
 
 +
Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license to exercise any and all rights in the Work for which You would require a license under current, applicable law, including (but not limited to) the rights to:
 +
 
 +
* Reuse the work verbatim, just exactly as you found it
 +
* Rework, alter, or transform the work so that it better meets your needs
 +
* Remix and combine the (verbatim or altered) work with other works to better meet your needs
 +
* Redistribute the verbatim work, the altered work, or the remixed work
 +
 
 +
Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer
 +
 
 +
Unless otherwise mutually agreed to by the parties in writing, licensor offers the work as-is and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, including, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, noninfringement, or the absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence of absence of errors, whether or not discoverable. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so such exclusion may not apply to you.
 +
Limitation on Liability
 +
 
 +
Except to the extent required by applicable law, in no event will licensor be liable to you on any legal theory for any special, incidental, consequential, punitive or exemplary damages arising out of this license or the use of the work, even if licensor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
 +
 
 +
Termination
 +
 
 +
Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work).
 +
 
  
−
Feedback on the deed and legal code should be directed to the cc-licenses mailing list. To join go to [http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/cc-licenses cc-license list]
+
URL:[http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/355 Link to tool, explanation of need and community discussion relating to the tool]
  
−
General comments may be posted on the [http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/cc-community cc-community list here]
+
===Community: Internet archive===
  
−
= Deed and Legal Code Feedback =
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Tool: CC-PD dedication
 +
Notes: the current PD dedication is used to mark both text that are pre 1923 and recent works submitted by others.
  
−
We received a number of comments in response to the original draft of [then]-CCZero, most of which we have endeavored to capture below in the interest of completeness but which are now largely moot due to revisions made in [http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8211 Beta Draft 2].  We have noted those instances below whenever possible.
+
URL: [http://Internetarchive.org Many different sections including moving images, audio]
  
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In response to some comments as well as based on our further legal review, we are proposing a few language changes and additions to improve the text of both the Deed and the Legal Code.  Please provide feedback to these proposals here or on the license discussion list noted above.
+
===Community: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration===
 +
Notes: Government work, no copyright.  
 
   
 
   
−
== Scope of Rights being Waived ==
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Text:
−
A few comments sought clarification on the scope of the waiver:  does it just waive copyright-specific rights, or is it broader and includes rights such as patents[http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006285.html], trademarks, unfair competition, privacy rights, publicity rights, commercial rights, and/or database rights
+
NOAA maintains a library of video footage, which is compiled and categorized by subject. It’s available for the cost of reproduction on a public domain basis — no license or clearance required. It’s requested that you credit “NOAA” or “National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,” when using the footage.
 +
 
 +
URL: [http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/broll/ NOAA website with PD note]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Community: Library of Congress===  
 +
 
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Note: Clear PD item 1917, generic text telling users that the work may be in copyright
 +
 
 +
Text:
 +
The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes. The written permission of the copyright owners and other rights holders (such as holders of publicity and /or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Note that there may be U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17, U.S.C.) or other restrictions in these materials. However, the Library is not aware of any copyrights or other rights associated with this material.
 +
 
 +
Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with any person intending to use an item.
 +
 
 +
See our Legal Notices and Privacy and Publicity Rights for additional information and restrictions.
 +
 
 +
Credit Line: Library of Congress, General Collections.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
URL [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/spaldingbib:@field(TITLE+@od1(Spalding%27s+official+base+ball+guide,+1917)) Example work in public domain with link to generic  copyright disclaimer]
 +
 
 +
=== Community: MusOpen ===
 +
 
 +
Note: No license just one sentence on PD. Mus open takes music that is in the public Domain and has artists record the music granting all right to the public.  There contracts are undergoing revision.  They are interested in an easy way to ensure that the recording right make it to the public domain.
  
−
We made clear in Beta 2 that with respect to non copyrightable materials (facts, ideas, etc.) the only rights retained by Affirmer were patent related (see the penultimate paragraph of Beta 2).
+
Text:
 +
Musopen is an online music library of copyright free music (public domain music). We want to give the world access to music, without the legal hassles so common today. There is a great deal of music that has expired copyrights, but almost no recordings of this music is in the public domain. We aim to record or obtain recordings that have no copyrights so that our visitors may listen, re-use, or in any way enjoy music. Put simply, our mission is to set music free.
  
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We now propose that addition of the following sentence at the end of that paragraph, to read: "No trademark rights held by Affirmer are waived, licensed or otherwise affected by this affirmation."
+
URL:[http://www.musopen.com/about.html Mus Open]
  
−
== Signature Requirements ==
+
===Community: Open education photos ===
−
There is some concern in the community that a renouncement of all rights can not be made without a signature.  This is being researched currently and may be solved in some jurisdictions with the alternate waiver or license language.  This issue will be addressed in more depth in the coming days.
 
  
−
*Does the waiver require a signature in order to be effective or enforceable? [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006301.html] [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006304.html notes on relevance of signature]
+
Note: Photo site of public domain photos, government works.  
−
*How might a signature be obtained: via emails; a la CC's current PDD process; other?
 
  
−
== Restrictions and Limitations on Waiving Moral Rights ==
+
Text:
−
Several CCi project leads and community members have commented on the restrictions and limitations on waiving moral rights, particularly in European jursidictions, such as
+
Images of American Political History. Posting online by Dr. William J. Ball. All images are believed to be in the public domain. Please do not contact me for permission to use them
−
* German Moral rights are unalienable [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006352.html]
+
Using the Collection
−
* Under Australian law, you can consent to specific instances of infringement of your moral rights, but you cannot waive them. s195AW(1) of the Copyright Act 1968 states that it is not an infringement of moral rights if the infringement is within the scope of '''written consent''' given by the author. [http://ccelliott.blogspot.com/2008/01/more-on-cc0.html Comment from  Elliott Bledsoe]
+
 
−
* Norway - moral rights issue [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006348.html comment from Gisle](law cite needed)
+
The intent of this collection is to support the teaching of American political history by providing quick access to uncopyrighted images for inclusion in teaching materials. 
−
* UK may require a signature for waiving moral right 87 (2)" Any of those rights may be waived by instrument in writing signed by the person giving up the right." Suggesting that 87(4) may provide some wiggle room but unsure how well it would work with regards to moral rights. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006350.html]
+
 
−
* Comment suggesting that moral rights and the conversation from CC v3.01 is relevant [http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Version_3.01#what_is_CC.27s_moral_rights_policy.3F]
+
All images are strongly believed to be in the public domain. They were obtained from non-copyrighted U.S. government holdings and publications and from published works with clearly expired copyrights. Thus there are absolutely no restrictions on their use.
−
* A suggestion that the only possible solution under monistic systems with strong moral rights would probably be an assertion to never claim and enforce any unwaivable right in the work, although further suggesting that courts won't be readily willing to uphold such an auxilliary construction designed to circumvene non-dispositive law. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-April/006351.html cc-license list John Hendrik Weitzmann]
+
 
 +
 
 +
URL: [http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_use.htm Teach Politics]
 +
 
 +
===Community: Old Books===
 +
Note: Exclassics is a website dedicated to older books that use to be considered classics but are no longer widely read.  As an example, The Newgate Calendar is a moral reader from the 1850's and is clearly in the PD, there is no mention of copyright on most pages or on the images. The site does contain a basic copyright disclaimer.
 +
 
 +
Text:
 +
No-Copyright notice
 +
 
 +
This site and its contents are public domain and free to the world. Anything in it may be copied and distributed free of charge or obligation. We expect this policy to be passed on - anyone who copies our texts or web pages and tries to claim copyright for themselves is stealing - not from us, but from you, and from everyone.=
 +
 
 +
URL: [http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ngillus.htm Exclassics Newgate Calendar] , [http://www.exclassics.com Exclassics main page]
 +
 
 +
===Community: Open fonts ===
 +
 
 +
Note: Public Domain Fonts is a small website that makes all work avalible to the public.  This site is typical in the way it uses an informal public domain dedication to grant works to the public. 2 line dedication no legal text simple to read.
  
−
== Jurisdiction-Specific Comments (not otherwise captured) ==
+
Text:
−
Some CCi jurisdictions foresee problems with renouncing unrenuncible rights along with other jurisdiction specific issues to contradictory appearing statutes.  
+
"Here are my dabblings in font design. I have placed them in the Public Domain. This is all 100% my own work. Usage is totally unrestricted. If you want to make derivative works for any purpose, please go ahead."
  
−
* Chile = copyright act - art. 86 ...all the patrimonial rights as unrenunciable by authors [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006317.html]  Waivers may solve this issue... can't renounce but can waive. There are possibly conflicting statutes in some Latin American countries on this issue  [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006319.html]
+
URL: [http://tulrich.com/fonts/ Public Domain Fonts]
−
* Spain = similar issues in Spain as Chile: PD = waived rights and some rights can not be waived. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006318.html David on the cc-licenses list]
 
  
−
Beta 2 works to solve this problem by providing a renouncement, a waiver and a license if the renouncement and the waiver fail in a particular jurisdiction.
+
===Community: Open Data===
  
−
== Other PD Waiver/License Resources and References ==
+
Tool: Database public domain dedication
−
CC is not the first to create a public domain waiver.  Below is a list of other Public domain resources:
 
  
−
* ODC Public Domain Dedication and License is a similar license and should be considered in the process.   [http://www.opendatacommons.org/odc-public-domain-dedication-and-licence/ copy of the license] [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006285.html comment from Jordan Hatcher] [http://www.opencontentlawyer.com/2008/01/16/dissecting-cczero/ other included comment here]  only deals with copyright and DB rights
+
Note: ODC Public Domain Dedication and License is a similar license and should be considered in the process. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006285.html comment from Jordan Hatcher] [http://www.opencontentlawyer.com/2008/01/16/dissecting-cczero/ other included comment here]  only deals with copyright and DB rights
−
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags#Public_domain Public domain definitions for commons.wikimedia.org] States the nature of why a work may be in the PD
 
−
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Self wikipedia PD-Self]  Very simple declaration
 
  
−
Beta 2 was influenced by the prior works in this area, and was specifically expanded to incorporate language directed at Databases (See paragraph 4).
+
Text: Long license too long to place here
 +
[http://www.opendatacommons.org/odc-public-domain-dedication-and-licence/ copy of the license]
  
−
= Tool / Usability  Feedback =
+
===Community: Wikimedia===
−
One of the primary goals of CC0 is to provide a tool that is easy to use and understand. 
 
  
−
* warning needed, or some way to let people know what rights they need to make this dedication.
+
Tool: Public domain assertion tool stating jurisdiction and reason the work is in the public domain
−
The issue of informing people as to the rights they need to apply a CC License or Waiver has come up in several contexts.  This issue is not unique to CC0 and is being looked at.
 
  
−
* need to express more in the meta data (early comment):  
+
URL:[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags#Public_domain Public domain definitions for commons.wikimedia.org] States the nature of why a work may be in the PD
−
The current metadata states "all copyright, moral rights, database rights, and any other rights that might be asserted over X." and will be updated if other rights are included.
 
  
−
* To be useful you need to explain why you think something is PD. [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-February/006332.html Geni from cc-license]
+
===Community: Wikipedia===
−
Note: this may be more applicable to CC0 Assert which is on hold
 
  
−
== Human Readable Deed ==
+
Tool: Pubic domain dedication
−
The Human Readable Deed currently uses the language "The person who has associated a work with this document affirms that he or she holds the copyright interests in the work, and hereby waives all of those interests and any related or neighboring legal rights in the work."  This does not explain exactly what rights beyond copyright are waived.  We may need to update this language. 
 
  
−
* the deed needs to be more specific listing rights waived beyond copyright. (Several sources)
+
Notes: short simple text nonlegal wording.
  
−
= FAQ's needed =
+
Text:  
−
As with all CC options specific questions tend to reoccur.  Here is a list of current FAQ's for CC0 and possible answers:
 
  
−
*Is CC keeping track of PD stuff?  No
+
I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.
−
*Is CC0 about branding?  No it is about expressing rights and uses the rel(rights expression language) is more important then CC0 description.
 
−
*Is it a waiver or a licenses?
 
−
*What is the difference between CC0 and the old public domain dedication?
 
  
−
#Possible answer: "Using 'CC0' clearly marks the
+
In case this is not legally possible,
−
difference between a work _actually_ being in the public domain,
+
I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.
−
something that varies by jurisdiction and that the creator can't fully
 
−
control (or so we think), to a work being _effectively_ in the public
 
−
domain (to the extent possible under applicable law), which the creator
 
−
_can_ control." [http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006299.html Evan]
 
−
#Possible answer: Universal instead of US
 
−
#Possible answer: "the key difference from a legal standpoint is that the current CC PD dedication covers only copyright and that CC0 waiver covers other rights as well (and not just database rights)."[http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/cc-licenses/2008-January/006303.html Jordan on cc-Licenses]
 
  
−
*What makes CC0 Active? publication or the work with the CC0 wavier/license
+
URL: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-Self wikipedia PD-Self]
  
−
We will be working to reword these informal FAQ's to be more user friendly and expand the topics covered for the official release of CC0.
+
[[Category:Project]]

Latest revision as of 00:30, 2 March 2011

Status

CC0 is at 1.0 and ready for adoption. View the legal code and deed, or Choose CC0. You may also be interested in our CC0 FAQs.

Development and Public Comment Process

Creative Commons published three beta versions of CC0 for public comment during 2008. You can track CC0's development, including an overview of the feedback we received and main revisions to the legal code, through our blog postings here: Beta Draft 1 Beta Draft 2 Beta Draft 3. This page captures some of the main issues discussed during the public comment process and how those were resolved in version 1.0 of CC0.

Scope of Rights Surrendered

Several commentators sought clarification on the scope of the rights surrendered: does it just surrender copyright-specific rights, or is it broader and include rights such as patents[1], trademarks, unfair competition, privacy rights, publicity rights, commercial rights, and/or database rights.

We started to clarify these issues in Beta 2, although patent rights were only addressed in the context of facts and ideas and trademark rights were not addressed at all. In its final adoptable form, CC0 now expressly states that neither trademark nor patent rights held by the affirmer are affected by CC0.

It was also suggested during the public comment period that we make clear that the surrender of rights does not affect third party rights related to the content, such as publicity and privacy rights. While this is always the case (none of our legal tools purport to affect third party rights), we decided to include such a statement in the text of CC0 itself, as well as on the deed.

Restrictions and Limitations on Waiving Moral Rights and Related Challenges

Several CCi project leads and community members correctly pointed out the difficulties associated with waiving moral rights, particularly in European jurisdictions. A sampling of those comments can be found here:

  • German Moral rights are unalienable [2]
  • Under Australian law, you can consent to specific instances of infringement of your moral rights, but you cannot waive them. s195AW(1) of the Copyright Act 1968 states that it is not an infringement of moral rights if the infringement is within the scope of written consent given by the author. Comment from Elliott Bledsoe
  • Norway - moral rights issue comment from Gisle(law cite needed)
  • UK may require a signature for waiving moral right 87 (2)" Any of those rights may be waived by instrument in writing signed by the person giving up the right." Suggesting that 87(4) may provide some wiggle room but unsure how well it would work with regards to moral rights. [3]
  • Comment suggesting that moral rights and the conversation from CC v3.01 is relevant [4]
  • A suggestion that the only possible solution under monistic systems with strong moral rights would probably be an assertion to never claim and enforce any unwaivable right in the work, although further suggesting that courts won't be readily willing to uphold such an auxilliary construction designed to circumvene non-dispositive law. cc-license list John Hendrik Weitzmann

Following extensive consultation with our CCi jurisdiction leads, we concluded on a multi-tier approach to this and other similar issues. First, CC0 includes a Statement of Purpose in the legal code that serves in part to impress upon those using CC0 the full scope of the rights they are surrendering and the possible uses to which their works could be put, including commercial uses. Knowledge of the rights being surrendered is one important element in effecting a waiver of moral rights. Second, CC0 incorporates a fall-back public license in the event the waiver is not enforceable for any reason, since in at least some jurisdictions moral rights can be licensed even if they cannot be waived. Finally, even were the fall-back license to fail, then under CC0 the affirmer expressly agrees not to exercise his or her rights or assert claims against others contrary to the express Statement of Purpose.

A Community Effort

Building CC0 over the course of a year required the efforts and dedication of many. Our CCi leads and the broader CC community provided invaluable advice on how to craft a robust, public domain tool intended for universal use. Our pro bono legal counsel at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati and Latham & Watkins also deserve special mention. Their legal review and analysis provided the heightened level of rigor that users of our licenses and legal tools have come to expect from Creative Commons.


Other Public Domain Dedication Resources and References

CC is not the first to create a public domain waiver or license. Below is a list of some of those tools as well as the projects that use them. If you are involved with these projects and want to discuss migrating to CC0, contact Creative Commons at info@creativecommons.org.

Community:LibriVox (audio recordings of PD books)

Name of tool used: CC public domain dedication with additional warning

Text: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain, which means people can do anything they like with them. Mostly this just means people can listen to them for free. But it also means they can: sell them (for instance on ebay), broadcast them, put them in commercials, play them at political rallies, chop them up, remix them, make music recordings of them. The recordings are free, and there is no need to credit LibriVox, although of course we much prefer if you do credit us (with a link to our site).

Here are some other examples of what people might do (and would have the right to do) with our recordings (and, if your record for us, your recordings):

  • make CDs of Romance of Rubber sold as a fundraiser for a charity you don’t like;
  • put Origin of the Species as background atmosphere for a pornographic film;
  • sample Fables for the Frivolous in a violent rap song;
  • use the summary of Frankenstein to promote a major motion picture;

Although these examples are far-fetched, they are all acceptable uses of public domain materials. So be aware of what you are doing when you free your recordings and text into the public domain. You really have to let go!

URL: full text of disclaimer and PD policies

Community:Open Clipart

CC-PD for all art work.

Name of tool: CC-PD dedication

Notes: the website has a footer that claims work is in the public domain and a few mentions of public domain in the FAQ.

Text: The clip art on this website and part of this project are released into the public domain.

URL:basic license embedded in page footer

Community: Educational

Name of tool: Educational PD dedication draft

Notes: This tool has been abandoned

Text: Open Education License Draft Draft 0.9, August 8, 2007. This is a draft document and is not yet intended for use.

Disclaimer

The OpenContent Foundation is not a law firm and does not provide legal services. Distribution of this license does not create an attorney-client relationship. The OpenContent Foundation provides this information on an “as-is” basis. The OpenContent Foundation makes no warranties regarding the information provided, and disclaims liability for damages resulting from its use. License

Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive license to exercise any and all rights in the Work for which You would require a license under current, applicable law, including (but not limited to) the rights to:

  • Reuse the work verbatim, just exactly as you found it
  • Rework, alter, or transform the work so that it better meets your needs
  • Remix and combine the (verbatim or altered) work with other works to better meet your needs
  • Redistribute the verbatim work, the altered work, or the remixed work

Representations, Warranties and Disclaimer

Unless otherwise mutually agreed to by the parties in writing, licensor offers the work as-is and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the work, express, implied, statutory or otherwise, including, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, noninfringement, or the absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence of absence of errors, whether or not discoverable. Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so such exclusion may not apply to you. Limitation on Liability

Except to the extent required by applicable law, in no event will licensor be liable to you on any legal theory for any special, incidental, consequential, punitive or exemplary damages arising out of this license or the use of the work, even if licensor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

Termination

Subject to the above terms and conditions, the license granted here is perpetual (for the duration of the applicable copyright in the Work).


URL:Link to tool, explanation of need and community discussion relating to the tool

Community: Internet archive

Tool: CC-PD dedication Notes: the current PD dedication is used to mark both text that are pre 1923 and recent works submitted by others.

URL: Many different sections including moving images, audio

Community: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Notes: Government work, no copyright.

Text: NOAA maintains a library of video footage, which is compiled and categorized by subject. It’s available for the cost of reproduction on a public domain basis — no license or clearance required. It’s requested that you credit “NOAA” or “National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,” when using the footage.

URL: NOAA website with PD note


Community: Library of Congress

Note: Clear PD item 1917, generic text telling users that the work may be in copyright

Text: The Library of Congress is providing access to these materials for educational and research purposes. The written permission of the copyright owners and other rights holders (such as holders of publicity and /or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. Note that there may be U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17, U.S.C.) or other restrictions in these materials. However, the Library is not aware of any copyrights or other rights associated with this material.

Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with any person intending to use an item.

See our Legal Notices and Privacy and Publicity Rights for additional information and restrictions.

Credit Line: Library of Congress, General Collections.


URL Example work in public domain with link to generic copyright disclaimer

Community: MusOpen

Note: No license just one sentence on PD. Mus open takes music that is in the public Domain and has artists record the music granting all right to the public. There contracts are undergoing revision. They are interested in an easy way to ensure that the recording right make it to the public domain.

Text: Musopen is an online music library of copyright free music (public domain music). We want to give the world access to music, without the legal hassles so common today. There is a great deal of music that has expired copyrights, but almost no recordings of this music is in the public domain. We aim to record or obtain recordings that have no copyrights so that our visitors may listen, re-use, or in any way enjoy music. Put simply, our mission is to set music free.

URL:Mus Open

Community: Open education photos

Note: Photo site of public domain photos, government works.

Text: Images of American Political History. Posting online by Dr. William J. Ball. All images are believed to be in the public domain. Please do not contact me for permission to use them Using the Collection

The intent of this collection is to support the teaching of American political history by providing quick access to uncopyrighted images for inclusion in teaching materials.

All images are strongly believed to be in the public domain. They were obtained from non-copyrighted U.S. government holdings and publications and from published works with clearly expired copyrights. Thus there are absolutely no restrictions on their use.


URL: Teach Politics

Community: Old Books

Note: Exclassics is a website dedicated to older books that use to be considered classics but are no longer widely read. As an example, The Newgate Calendar is a moral reader from the 1850's and is clearly in the PD, there is no mention of copyright on most pages or on the images. The site does contain a basic copyright disclaimer.

Text: No-Copyright notice

This site and its contents are public domain and free to the world. Anything in it may be copied and distributed free of charge or obligation. We expect this policy to be passed on - anyone who copies our texts or web pages and tries to claim copyright for themselves is stealing - not from us, but from you, and from everyone.=

URL: Exclassics Newgate Calendar , Exclassics main page

Community: Open fonts

Note: Public Domain Fonts is a small website that makes all work avalible to the public. This site is typical in the way it uses an informal public domain dedication to grant works to the public. 2 line dedication no legal text simple to read.

Text: "Here are my dabblings in font design. I have placed them in the Public Domain. This is all 100% my own work. Usage is totally unrestricted. If you want to make derivative works for any purpose, please go ahead."

URL: Public Domain Fonts

Community: Open Data

Tool: Database public domain dedication

Note: ODC Public Domain Dedication and License is a similar license and should be considered in the process. comment from Jordan Hatcher other included comment here only deals with copyright and DB rights

Text: Long license too long to place here

copy of the license

Community: Wikimedia

Tool: Public domain assertion tool stating jurisdiction and reason the work is in the public domain

URL:Public domain definitions for commons.wikimedia.org States the nature of why a work may be in the PD

Community: Wikipedia

Tool: Pubic domain dedication

Notes: short simple text nonlegal wording.

Text:

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide.

In case this is not legally possible, I grant any entity the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

URL: wikipedia PD-Self

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